Treating pain with sweet: Sugar-based activation of the PD-1 pathway for Pain therapy: D-Mannose, a C-2 epimer of glucose commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections, increases the expression of PD-L1, attenuates acutes and chronic pain, and suppresses mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and inhibits nociceptive neuron excitability via up-regulation of its target gene, 2/April/2018, 12.31 pm