Introduction:What they say:
A recent study from Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, US shows that “PD-L1 inhibits acute and chronic pain by suppressing nociceptive neuron activity via PD-1.” This study was published, in the 22 May 2017 issue of Nature Neuroscience (one of the best journals in Neurobiology with an impact factor of 16.724+), by Prof Ru-Rong Ji, Chen G and others.
What we say:
On the foundation of this interesting finding, Dr L Boominathan PhD, the Director-cum-chief Scientist of GBMD, reports that: Probiotics as Analgesics: Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 functions as a pain reliever: Mechanistic insights into how Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 functions as a pain medication: Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 increases the expression of PD-L1, TRPV1, and CGPR, decreases the expression of Cox-2, attenuates acutes and chronic pain, headache, and suppresses mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and inhibits nociceptive neuron excitability, via up-regulation of its target gene
What is known?
It has recently been shown that blocking PD-1 with antibodies one could make tumors shrink. This work, relating to Cancer immunotherapy, has been chosen as Science’s breakthrough of the year. However, the work published recently, which is described below, may highlight the caveat in such an approach, as blocking PD-L1 may promote spontaneous pain and allodynia in cancer-bearing mice.
Prof. Ji has shown recently that: (1) Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), produced by melanoma and normal neural tissues, inhibits acute and chronic pain; (2) injection of PD-L1 alleviates pain, and thereby functions as an analgesic agent; (3) Neutralization of PD-L1 or Block of PD1 promotes mechanical allodynia (hypersensitivity to pain); (4) PD1 null mice suffer from thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity; (5) PD-L1 promotes phosphorylation of SHP-1 and inhibits Sodium channels via PD-1 activation; and (6) PD-L1 inhibits nociceptive neuron excitability in dorsal root ganglion and thereby functions as a neuromodulator, suggesting that increasing the expression or the level of PD-L1/PD1 may alleviate pain and thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity.
From research findings to therapeutic opportunity:
This study suggests, for the first time, Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LKM512 attenuates pain sensitivity, pain, head ache and trauma.
A therapeutic mix encompassing Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LKM512, by increasing the expression of its target genes, it increases PD-L1 and decreases Cox-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) , TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) and CGPR (Calcitonin gene-related peptide) levels(fig. 1). Thereby, it: (a) inhibits acute and chronic pain and trauma; (b) alleviates thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity; (c) activates signal transduction cascade downstream of PD-1 receptor; (c) phosphorylates SHP-1; (d) inhibits sodium channels and nociceptive neuron excitability (Fig 2-4).
Figure 1.Mechanistic insights into how Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LKM512 inhibits acute and chronic pain and head ache. A pharmaceutical mixture encompassing LKM512 enhances PD-L1, while decreasing Cox-2 & TRPV1 levels. Thereby, it suppresses thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity, phosphorylates SHP-1, inhibits activation of sodium channels, alleviates nociceptive neuron excitability, and attenuates acute and chronic pain.
Figure 2. Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LKM512 functions as an analgesic medication through induction of PD-L1, and down regulation of Cox-2, CGPR and TRPV1
Figure 4. While pharmacological activation of PD-L1 has been shown to attenuate acute and chronic pain, this study suggests that probiotic LKM512 attenuates acute and chronic pain, headache and trauma, through down regulation of Cox-2 and others, and up regulation of PD-L1.
Thus, a pharmacological mixture encompassing “probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512, either alone or in combination with other drugs, can be used to treat acute and chronic pain, headache, and trauma.
Given: (1) the mechanistic basis as to how Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 (fig.1) may aid in attenuating or decreasing or alleviating short- and long-term pain, headache and trauma; and provide resistance to pain, including headache; and (2) that Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 is largely side-effect free, unlike most of analgesics available in the market, which ‘re experimentally proven to be liver toxic, in larger doses, and less expensive, physicians/orthopedicians/pain therapists may consider either prescribing Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. kactus LKM512 to the needy patients or put this interesting observation into a clinical trial.
Together, this study, for the first time, paves, not only to the thought process that probiotics, such as bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512, can function as analgesic drugs; and give an opportunity to pain therapists/researchers to identify newer analgesics from probiotics, but also suggests that how intake or consumption of probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 may function as an adjuvant therapy, for patients suffering from short- and long-term pain, headache, migraine, and trauma (Figure 2-4).
Details of the research findings:
Idea Proposed/Formulated (with experimental evidence) by: Dr L Boominathan Ph.D.
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Amount: $1, 500#
Undisclosed mechanistic information: How does Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 increase the expression of PD-L1?
# Research cooperation
References:
Citation: Boominathan, L., Probiotics as Analgesics: Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 functions as a pain reliever: Mechanistic insights into how Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 functions as a pain medication: Probiotic bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactus LKM512 increases the expression of PD-L1, TRPV1, and CGPR, decreases the expression of Cox-2, attenuates acutes and chronic pain, headache, and suppresses mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and inhibits nociceptive neuron excitability, via up-regulation of its target gene, 17/July/2019, 11.51 am, Genome-2-Bio-Medicine Discovery center (GBMD), http://genomediscovery.org
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