A new mechanistic insight into a known heart failure medicine in Pain therapy: Dobutamine (brand name: dobutrex, inotrex), used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock,  increases the expression of PD-L1, attenuates acute and chronic pain, and suppresses mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and inhibits nociceptive neuron excitability, via up-regulation of its target gene, 18/September/2018, 6.24 am