A sweet way to treat pain: Trisaccharide-based activation of the PD-1 pathway for Pain therapy: Raffinose, a trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose, and fructose, increases the expression of PD-L1, attenuates acutes and chronic pain, and suppresses mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and inhibits nociceptive neuron excitability via up-regulation of its target gene, 31/March/2018, 10.57 pm